The researchers working on the COPDGene project proposed, in 2019, a new way of defining COPD that expands the spirometric definition and uses other metrics, such as radiographic findings and patient symptoms. This change recognizes that COPD can have several different manifestations and phenotypes that may require different interventions. This presentation will describe these changes, their rationale, and examine how they have been applied in both research and clinical practice.

Since the early descriptions of ARDS in the late 1960s, how to provide mechanical ventilation for patients with ARDS has been hotly contested. In the early days, IMV vs. Assist control and low vs high PEEP were sources of intense disagreement. A plethora of high frequency ventilation devices have come and gone. The landmark work regarding ventilator induced lung injury in the early 2000s changed how we approach ventilatory support in ARDS. ECMO has danced on the edges of ARDS management for 50 years. What is the future of mechanical ventilation in ARDS? Avoiding invasive ventilation through NIV, HFNC and ECMO are on the rise. Will driving pressure measurement and control open a new era? What about electronic muscle stimulation and diaphragm protective ventilation? This lecture asks, Quo Vadis, literally, General, where are we going?

Infants and children have unique anatomic and physiologic considerations which make it challenging to safely achieve and maintain a patent airway. This lecture will review the equipment and techniques used to minimize the propensity for serious adverse events to occur while managing a pediatric airway.